A school resource officer is an embedded police presence in an educational setting. Their purpose is to bridge the gap between local law enforcement and our youth. In that respect, the benefits of having an SRO varies from district to district. If applied correctly, the SRO concept does exactly what law enforcement agencies are striving to do—it is a foundation and a model for community policing.
I had an opportunity to sit down and talk with SRO Rick Macchia about his duties. He has about 15 years of experience on campus and finds his job completely distinct from his time in a patrol car.
Up until a few years ago, Macchia worked with Principal Robert Marvulli, a school administrator with over 30 years of experience. They described the unique relationship between the SRO and the school principal.
People misinterpret their duties
People sometimes misinterpret the purpose of an SRO, says Macchia. Occasionally he will have a teacher approach him who had a conflict with the student in the classroom. Some school employees attempt to get SROs involved in the disciplinary process. As such, the relationship between administration and the SRO often becomes blurred. Searching students can be a tool for maintaining safe schools, but there is a balance between individual rights and a safe learning environment.
Students have a reasonable expectation of privacy, which is not waived when they enter school grounds. A law enforcement officer requires probable cause. Warrantless searches conducted by school authorities require reasonable suspicion related to the scope of circumstances. School administrators are responsible for understanding the intrusiveness of the search considering the age and gender of the student.
Search and seizure is different
The other part of the blurred lines is the response to the student violation itself. Most schools have a code of conduct that states that an SRO doesn’t intervene until it is a violation of criminal law. That is, if a student violated a district policy or a code of conduct, they don’t take a student into custody.
Students can voluntarily answer an SRO’s questions, outside of interrogation. They have no obligation to speak to an SRO when it comes to criminal conduct. They do, however, have an obligation to speak to a school administrator.
Macchia says that the location of the SRO’s office is fairly important. They need to be strategically placed in order to respond to situations involving the safety of the campus. They also need to have a secure area to store equipment.
In many SRO offices there are screens which monitor the cameras on campus. These are excellent investments and a consideration when grant money is available.
Third, student privacy is critical. The very fact that an SRO meets with a student should be protected under the law. The SRO office should have the ability to ensure the privacy of the juvenile.
The purpose is to keep juveniles out of the system
Macchia says that although it isn’t said overtly, the purpose of an SRO is to keep juveniles out of the system. An SRO is there to prevent widening of the net. He adds, “You can’t hire any street officer to be an SRO.”
They had an incident where a juvenile had drugs on his person while on campus. The incident was handled through the school, not the juvenile justice system. There are obviously certain criminal offenses that require legal intervention, like drug sales, use of weapons, and similar conduct.
There is a particular temperament that goes with the job of an SRO, says Macchia. The officer has to be familiar with board policy, the education code, and school specific training like A.L.I.C.E. When it comes to creating a formal threat assessment for the school, the SRO has a significant amount of input. They are used to the day-to-day rhythm of the school.
Marvulli says it is impossible to know what goes on in the home of every student, including the possibility of their having access to firearms, and drugs in the home. As a liaison between the local agency and the school, an SRO can provide a little insight as to the credibility of a threat to a campus. They can validate information in a particular threat regarding scheduling, or an activity of the school. More importantly, an SRO can provide a calming effect to the students and staff. One effect he found especially true after the September 11 attacks. Of the significant roles an SRO plays on campus, the most intangible is the most important.
An SRO occasionally assists administrators with home visits. Some students require “welfare checks”, and visit sometimes include a child welfare and attendance supervisor.
Monitor the cameras
An SRO’s response to emergencies is completely different than the typical response pattern of a patrol officer. For many SRO’s, dispatching is done through more than one means. Macchia carries two radios: one from his agency, the other from the school. One routinely sends a backup or cover unit automatically. In most calls for service, including a threat on campus, the SRO responds alone. Often, an emergency on campus requires the school administrator to respond to his or her office, and the SRO to the scene. It is extremely beneficial for the SRO to have an administrator warning the SRO of hazards by scanning the cameras as he responds. Even during an active shooter incident, it is imperative to have someone on the monitors.
Monitoring cameras is completely counter intuitive. Every administrator is going to do whatever it takes to keep kids on campus safe. They will want to help rather than scan monitors. This may be the greatest help they can offer for responding units. With this in mind, the monitoring area must have restricted access but to backup people capable of interpreting what they are seeing. Whoever is doing this must stay on the line with police dispatch.
Educate the campus
One of the most common lessons learned in training is that faculty and staff are rarely educated about what would happen in an emergency. They receive training, but don’t get realism in their scenarios. For example, one group commented about the fact that the SRO bypassed “injured” role players. They ran past panicked students, straight to the active shooter. Apparently, some teachers did not know ahead of time that this was going to happen.
The same goes for cellphones as some school administrators make it a point to discourage them on campus. When I talked to Macchia about this, I told him that I had actually responded to a few calls on our high school campus that were made by students, unbeknownst to administrators. I told him I was a firm believer in having cellphones on campus.
Macchia says he had been on campus before when there was a telephone bomb scare. He says “cell phones create a target rich environment.” During one incident, parents began showing up demanding their kids be taken out of school, even before that details about the bomb scare had been disclosed. He was amazed that so many parents brought their toddlers with them to pick up their high school students, during a bomb scare. If the person making the bomb scare had an ulterior motive, it certainly could have been accomplished. I guess the other part of the equation is to have very timely social networking announcements.
We need more, but current staffing won’t support SROs
Sheriff Adam Christianson of Stanislaus County, Calf. informed me something I didn’t know. I thought that the Juvenile Services Unit’s SRO program has diminished because of budgetary concerns. He says, “We have a fully supportive board”…when it came to providing law enforcement services in the area.
It’s not a budget issue. The problem is there are not enough well qualified recruits. Since answering calls for service is a higher priority, filling vacant SRO positions has to wait.
Patterson, Calif. is one of the contract cities for the Stanislaus County Sheriff’s department. It is also one of the few contract cities under the Sheriff’s office that has an SRO. Patteron’s Chief Dirkse says that SROs will become involved in crimes of violence, and more serious activities, but schools should deal with most of their violations internally.
Patterson’s local SRO, Deputy Gabe Ramirez, is ideal for the job. Dirkse explains that Ramirez grew up in an area where he was very familiar with local gang activity. He has been known to comment about becoming a deputy to “try to keep kids out of that.” Ramirez attends football games, helps out with coaching, and “really gets to know his students.”
Dirkse also told me that the police administration’s relationship with the school administration is very important, and the agency continually maintains a dialogue with the school.
LouKa Tactical Training
Lou Ann Hamblin, an experienced firearms and defensive tactics instructor, and cofounder of LouKa Tactical Training delivered her first SRO training school in 2005. She explains that various schools, including the NRA, have been involved in providing training for the SRO officer. Their focus is a systems approach, and it does not necessarily center on active shooter training.
Hamblin says SROs have one thing in common: they lack the immediate accessibility of a long gun. They might have them, but they are likely stored in the trunk of their vehicle or in the office. Unless they cross one of these areas in the course of their immediate response, they’ll be responding with a handgun and maybe an ECD.
The Training Needs Analysis takes three major components into account: people, places, and things. When it comes to an armed response on campus, it is critical that SROs train either inside or as close to that environment as possible. Schools in use today designed in the 90s or 2000s are enormous, and often consists of multiple campuses. Range training for law enforcement is often arbitrarily limited to 100 yards. Knowing a particular weapons’ capability is critical.
Hamblin outlines three shooting skills critical for an SRO:
- Engaging multiple assailants
- Shooting at extreme distances through chaos
- Tubular assault.
Shooting through chaos at extreme ranges
When officers do shooting training at that 100-yard mark, it is generally under sterile conditions. They shoot with one eye closed, which takes away their peripheral vision, and there aren’t any other players on that 100-yard football field. This means that the training really doesn’t have a realism.
LouKa Tactical Training inserts chaos between the shooter and the target. They like to push the engagement distance further than what normally is considered prudent for handgun, between 50 and hundred yards. They use target systems with (target) people moving around or front of the target.
The safety protocol is different for SRO training. One has to be aware of the backstop, the target, what’s beyond the target, and the front stop. Lou Ann told me “a lot of things can happen at 100 yards.”
Training for multiple adversaries
There are two other training scenarios that are critical for SROs. First, it is important that they constantly train for multiple adversaries. There are open areas like fields, and crowded areas like locker rooms. Either scenario will have a lot of “no shoot” obstacles.
Hamblin describes an incident where SRO Gabe Medrano and a civilian were engaged in a shooting with two known gang members. This story is memorialized in the book written by Gabe Medrano, “Win A Memoir of a School Shooting” (978-1432793623). One approach to SRO policing is “One riot, One Ranger.”
This incident demonstrated that SRO tactics have to include training for multiple subjects, firearms and retention in pre-and post-deployment, and use of chemical agents. She emphasizes the fact that a ECD is designed for one suspect at a time, whereas chemical agents are a bit less nonselective. When it comes to multiple assailants, use of chemical agents can often be more prudent.
Tubular assault
LouKa Tactical Training for SROs includes tubular assault environments. This is the same type of training that one would give air marshals, only it for a different environment. Schools have school buses. The tubular environment is an entirely different world for defensive tactics and shooting.
The unique relationship with school administration
Hamblin says there are several documented incidences where a high school principal attempted to remove a firearm from a student. Sometimes this has been successful, sometimes it hasn’t. What tactical trainers need to consider is the fact that school shootings are the equivalent to work-based violence. This relationship describes a person who has a grievance and attempts to settle it.
Administrators need to understand that they may be the target of this grievance. That is, for some cases, the principle is like the primary asset on a protective detail. Depending on their understanding of the situation, they will either be an asset or a liability.
Statistically the most dangerous age for violence in high school is 15 years old, says Hamblin. Schools need to have an awareness of past incidents, and the statistics. The problem is that not all of the shareholders are involved. The answer to this particular training is the aforementioned systems approach.
The school resource officer is a unique law enforcement officer whose assignment is an essential component in the community. Of all the things we can recommend for them, the best is to train, and train well.
