Ballistic Comparison Solves Cases

Sam Rabadi, Director, Client Relations for Vigilant Solutions (and retired ATF Special Agent in Charge), says ballistic tracking is imperative for investigations because when shooting incidents are linked through the forensic examination of ballistic evidence, investigators have a much better chance of identifying and apprehending a shooter before they are given the chance to shoot again. Programs such as BallisticSearch offer fast, sound results that expedite leads for cases. “BallisticSearch helps to put vital crime gun intelligence into the hands of investigators more quickly,” says Rabadi. “Whether it’s identifying the number of firearms used during a shooting incident or identifying a potential match of a firearm to a crime scene.”

Another way to link firearms to scenes and suspects is through ballistic comparison. Since each firearm leaves one of a kind markings on shell casings after being fired, ballistic comparison for firearms is the equivalent of fingerprints. The ‘fingerprint’ left behind on each shell casing is one of a kind to one specific gun. In an effort to share this information, ATF created the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network, (NIBIN). This system works somewhat in conjunction with the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS). These systems are usually used by a state crime lab, using 3D technology to compare the striation markings on each casing with others that have already been uploaded and recorded into the system. The new shell casing image is compared like a fingerprint to potential matches. If a match is found the information will be shared giving the investigators leads even if a prior incident involving that firearm took place in another jurisdiction. This information could include suspect info, the location of another incident where that gun was used and so on.

Similarly, there is another system developed by Motorola and Vigilant Solutions that is accessible for individual agencies to obtain in house. BallisticSearch allows an investigator on scene to capture an image of a shell casing and upload it into a system where a qualified, remote examiner can confirm or compare casings within an hour or not long after. Furthermore, if for instance there are six shell casings of the same kind at a scene, the investigator can capture images of all six and the BallisticSearch system will tell the investigator which casings would be the best for use of comparison. This way, if the investigator decided to send the casing off to the state lab as well, they would only have to send one or two instead of all six. BallisticSearch may also be paired with CrimeSearch by Motorola and Vigilant Solutions in order to provide mapping of patterns of crimes by location, evidence and type of crime.

Ballistic comparison is accomplished through the analysis of markings inside of shell casings. These are distinctly unique to each individual firearm. When a gun is fired, and the bullet rotates through the barrel, the projectile is marked with small lines known as striations from a few different areas on the gun. Breech face markings are left on the head of a shell casing; also the firing pin and the ejector on the gun leave unique markings. These may be seen by the naked eye but it is extremely difficult to truly see each individual grain which is where specialized lab equipment such as digital microscopes and 3D microscopes is used. Rocky Edwards, of Motorola Solutions, says different markings such as impressions and strikes are taken into consideration with BallisticSearch. Edwards says BallisticSearch gives smaller departments with limited budgets the advantage of shell casing comparison within hours versus weeks of waiting. The lab equipment, such as the software and the digital microscope, as well as the training to use it is now affordable for agencies. Having the capability to perform this type of analysis in house is a huge advantage for investigation since leads based on evidence may be acquired in short time frames. 

The company, Ultra Electronics, provides a variety of equipment and training services for ballistic comparison. MATCHPOINT is another type of software for bullet comparison. Along with the MATCHPOINT program, Ultra Electronics has BRASSTRAX and BULLETRAX which are microscopes that have 2D and 3D capabilities. This system has been used by several countries and is attainable for midsize and small departments to acquire. The information from the casings can be uploaded into the NIBIN network, thereby sharing information to other departments who use the site.

Going back to your original scene, you collect the shell casings and have the information uploaded into NIBIN or BallisticSearch. You find out the .22 caliber casing came from a gun used in a robbery two weeks ago where a shell casing was located and compared. The casings both come back to a known criminal in that area of town. The shell casings from the 9mm belong to an individual that is new to the area but committed a murder in a bordering state where a 9mm casing was found at the scene and traced back to a particular gun belonging to a particular individual. A criminal complaint is written, an attempt to locate is done and arrests are made.

In the event of a use of force situation, or an officer involved shooting, firearm and ballistic tracing can have a significant impact on the investigation. Since these are high stress, intense situations and often involve more than one officer, the use of ballistic comparison can help replay the events just as well as body camera footage. When shots are fired in a use of force situation, it is imperative to determine which bullet casings came from which particular firearms not only to tell the story but to protect officers in the case from liability as well. Equally, comparing spent casings can disclose whether or not a suspect fired shots and how many. If there are multiple suspects, it can help explain how each was involved and to what extent.

The collection and use of this type of data may be implemented into crime mapping software programs in order to provide more intelligence regarding patterns of crimes or areas where particular crimes are more prevalent. Since just about any type of crime could include a firearm, whether directly or indirectly used, systems such as ATF’s database, Motorola and Vigilant Solutions’ CrimeSearch and others such as ISS’ Global provide police with a way to collect and pinpoint specific types of crime. The evidence on scene, such as the shell casings, can provide information that may be uploaded into these systems. In particular, this means that if a shell casing is compared and gets a hit on a firearm, and that firearm was used in four crimes in various counties, all of the information may be shared. From there, police agencies can share this with each other which may help connect and solve cases and prevent further incidents involving that gun owner. This not only helps one agency potentially solve cases but sharing this information can aid any agency that may have some evidence connected with the firearm or suspect(s) in question. Maptitude by Caliper is another crime mapping software program that can aid investigators in determining where certain crimes have been committed, giving them potential leads to solving cases. Maptitude is versatile in that in can work with several different types of databases to extract data in order to record it for agencies.

By incorporating the right tools, and utilizing the latest technology, investigators can get faster results leading to faster apprehensions and solve cases sooner rather than later.